Food profile of Yanomami indigenous children aged 6 to 59 months from the Brazilian Amazon, according to the degree of food processing: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to characterise the food profile of Yanomami indigenous children according to the degree of food processing and its associated factors. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study with Yanomami indigenous children aged 6 to 59 months. Socio-demographic, maternal and infant data were collected through a standardised questionnaire. The food profile was obtained by using a list of thirty-four foods to verify the child's consumption of these foods on the day preceding the interview. Foods were classified according to the degree of processing based on the NOVA system (in natura or minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed and ultra-processed). In natura and minimally processed foods were subdivided into 'regional' and 'urban' foods. Poisson regression analysis was applied to estimate the associated factors according to the 90 % CI. SETTING: Three villages (Auaris, Maturacá and Ariabú) in the Yanomami indigenous territory, in the Brazilian Amazon. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 251 Yanomami children aged 6 to 59 months were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of consumption of 'regional' and 'urban' in natura or minimally processed foods was 93 % and 56 %, respectively, and consumption of ultra-processed foods was 32 %. Ultra-processed food consumption was 11·6 times higher in children of Maturacá and 9·2 times higher in Ariabú when compared with the children of Auaris and 31 % lower in children who had mothers with shorter stature. CONCLUSION: Despite the high frequency of consumption of in natura and minimally processed foods, the consumption of ultra-processed foods was substantial and was associated with demographic and maternal factors in Yanomani indigenous children under 5 years of age.

Sintomas de ansiedade gestacional e pós-parto e intenção de amamentar exclusivo até os seis meses: resultados de uma coorte prospectiva do Rio de Janeiro / Symptoms of gestational and postpartum anxiety and intention to breastfeed exclusively until six months: results of a prospective cohort in Rio de Janeiro

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre sintomas de ansiedade gestacional e pós-parto e intenção de amamentar exclusivamente até os seis meses. Métodos Coorte prospectiva com uma população de mulheres atendidas no serviço de obstetrícia de um centro de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro. Os sintomas de ansiedade foram avaliados pelo Inventário de Ansiedade Traço/Estado no primeiro trimestre da gestação (ansiedade-traço) e 30-45 dias pós-parto (ansiedade-estado). A intenção de amamentar exclusivamente até seis meses foi avaliada por questionário aplicado 30-45 dias pós-parto. Variáveis independentes foram obtidas de questionários padronizados com dados socioeconômicos, obstétricos e nutricionais. As associações brutas e ajustadas foram testadas por regressão de Poisson com variâncias robustas. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 195 mulheres no primeiro trimestre gestacional e 185 no pós-parto. A prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade-traço ao início da gestação foi de 53%, e ansiedade-estado no pós-parto 29%. Cinquenta e nove por cento das mulheres pretendiam amamentar exclusivamente até seis meses. Nas análises ajustadas, a presença de sintomas de ansiedade-traço associou-se com a intenção de não amamentar exclusivamente até os seis meses (RP=1,70; IC95%=1,07­2,72). A presença de sintomas de ansiedade-estado no pós-parto perdeu a associação com o desfecho após os ajustes (RP=1,54; IC95%=0,97­2,44). Conclusões: A presença de sintomas de ansiedade-traço influencia negativamente na intenção de amamentar exclusivamente até os seis meses. Ressalta-se a importância de avaliar a saúde mental da mulher na gestação e pós-parto visando proteger a manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate association between symptoms of gestational and postpartum anxiety and intention to breastfeed exclusively until six months of age. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study with a population of women treated at the obstetrics service of a health center in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Anxiety symptoms were assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in the first trimester of pregnancy (trait anxiety) and 30-45 days postpartum (state anxiety). Intention to breastfeed exclusively up to six months was assessed by a questionnaire administered 30-45 days postpartum. Independent variables were obtained from standardized questionnaires with socioeconomic, obstetric and nutritional data. Crude and adjusted associations were tested by Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: A total of 195 women were evaluated in the first trimester of pregnancy, and 185 were evaluated in the postpartum period. Prevalence of trait anxiety symptoms at the beginning of pregnancy was 53%, while postpartum state anxiety was 29%. Fifty-nine percent of women intended to breastfeed exclusively for up to six months. In the adjusted analyses, presence of trait anxiety symptoms was associated with the intention not to breastfeed exclusively until six months (PR=1.70; 95% CI = 1.07-2.72). Presence of state anxiety symptoms in the postpartum period lost its association with the outcome after adjustments (PR=1.54; 95% CI = 0.97-2.44). Conclusions: Presence of trait anxiety symptoms negatively influences intention to breastfeed exclusively up to six months. Emphasis is placed on the importance of evaluating the mental health of women during pregnancy and postpartum to ensure exclusive breastfeeding is maintained. (AU)